Theology & Economics

The New Testament (Novum Testamentum - Καινή Διαθήκη) contains numerous passages that explore the relationship between theology (faith and spiritual principles) and economics (wealth, poverty, and justice). These themes are central to Jesus’ teachings, as well as the writings of Paul and the early church. Here’s a detailed list of key concepts and passages that combine theology and economics in the New Testament:

1. Jesus’ Teachings on Wealth and Poverty

Matthew 5:3-12, Luke 6:20-26

Matthew 5:3-12

“Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted. Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be filled. Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy. Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God. Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God. Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. “Blessed are you when people insult you, persecute you and falsely say all kinds of evil against you because of me. Rejoice and be glad, because great is your reward in heaven, for in the same way they persecuted the prophets who were before you.

Luke 6:20-26

Looking at his disciples, he said: “Blessed are you who are poor, for yours is the kingdom of God. Blessed are you who hunger now, for you will be satisfied. Blessed are you who weep now, for you will laugh. Blessed are you when people hate you, when they exclude you and insult you and reject your name as evil, because of the Son of Man. “Rejoice in that day and leap for joy, because great is your reward in heaven. For that is how their ancestors treated the prophets. But woe to you who are rich, for you have already received your comfort. Woe to you who are well fed now, for you will go hungry. Woe to you who laugh now, for you will mourn and weep. Woe to you when everyone speaks well of you, for that is how their ancestors treated the false prophets.

Theology & Economic Themes: In the Beatitudes (Sermon on the Mount/Plain), Jesus blesses the poor and warns the rich, underscoring God’s favor for the humble and marginalized. These teachings reverse common economic expectations: the poor in spirit, the meek, and those who hunger for righteousness are promised future blessings. The rich are cautioned against complacency and self-reliance, suggesting that material wealth can lead to spiritual poverty (Luke 6:24).

2. The Parable of the Rich Fool

Luke 12:13-21

Someone in the crowd said to him, “Teacher, tell my brother to divide the inheritance with me.” Jesus replied, “Man, who appointed me a judge or an arbiter between you?” Then he said to them, “Watch out! Be on your guard against all kinds of greed; life does not consist in an abundance of possessions.” And he told them this parable: “The ground of a certain rich man yielded an abundant harvest. He thought to himself, ‘What shall I do? I have no place to store my crops.’ Then he said, ‘This is what I’ll do: I will tear down my barns and build bigger ones, and there I will store my surplus grain. And I’ll say to myself, “You have plenty of grain laid up for many years. Take life easy; eat, drink and be merry.”‘ But God said to him, ‘You fool! This very night your life will be demanded from you. Then who will get what you have prepared for yourself?’ This is how it will be with whoever stores up things for themselves but is not rich toward God.

Theology & Economic Themes: The parable addresses the folly of greed and self-centeredness, teaching that life does not consist in the abundance of possessions. The rich fool stores up wealth for himself without consideration for others or God’s will. The parable warns against hoarding wealth and emphasizes that true security comes from a relationship with God, not material riches.

3. The Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard

Matthew 20:1-16

“For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his vineyard. He agreed to pay them a denarius for the day and sent them into his vineyard. About nine in the morning he went out and saw others standing in the marketplace doing nothing. He told them, ‘You also go and work in my vineyard, and I will pay you whatever is right.’ So they went. He went out again about noon and about three in the afternoon and did the same thing. About five in the afternoon he went out and found still others standing around. He asked them, ‘Why have you been standing here all day long doing nothing?’ ‘Because no one has hired us,’ they answered. He said to them, ‘You also go and work in my vineyard.’ When evening came, the owner of the vineyard said to his foreman, ‘Call the workers and pay them their wages, beginning with the last ones hired and going on to the first.’ The workers who were hired about five in the afternoon came and each received a denarius. So when those came who were hired first, they expected to receive more. But each one of them also received a denarius. When they received it, they began to grumble against the landowner. ‘These who were hired last worked only one hour,’ they said, ‘and you have made them equal to us who have borne the burden of the work and the heat of the day.’ But he answered one of them, ‘I am not being unfair to you, friend. Didn’t you agree to work for a denarius? Take your pay and go. I want to give the one who was hired last the same as I gave you. Don’t I have the right to do what I want with my own money? Or are you envious because I am generous?’ So the last will be first, and the first will be last.”

Theology & Economic Themes: This parable illustrates God’s grace and generosity, as well as the equality of all in the kingdom of heaven. It challenges traditional notions of economic fairness. The landowner pays all workers the same wage, regardless of how long they worked, reflecting the kingdom’s upside-down values: generosity and grace override strict economic justice based on merit.

4. Jesus and the Rich Young Ruler

Matthew 19:16-30, Mark 10:17-31, Luke 18:18-30

Matthew 19:16-30

Just then a man came up to Jesus and asked, “Teacher, what good thing must I do to get eternal life?” “Why do you ask me about what is good?” Jesus replied. “There is only one who is good. If you want to enter life, keep the commandments.” “Which ones?” he inquired. Jesus replied, “You shall not murder, you shall not commit adultery, you shall not steal, you shall not give false testimony, honor your father and mother, and love your neighbor as yourself.” “All these I have kept,” the young man said. “What do I still lack?” Jesus answered, “If you want to be perfect, go, sell your possessions and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. Then come, follow me.” When the young man heard this, he went away sad, because he had great wealth.
Then Jesus said to his disciples, “Truly I tell you, it is hard for someone who is rich to enter the kingdom of heaven. Again I tell you, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for someone who is rich to enter the kingdom of God.” When the disciples heard this, they were greatly astonished and asked, “Who then can be saved?” Jesus looked at them and said, “With man this is impossible, but with God all things are possible.” Peter answered him, “We have left everything to follow you! What then will there be for us?” Jesus said to them, “Truly I tell you, at the renewal of all things, when the Son of Man sits on his glorious throne, you who have followed me will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel. And everyone who has left houses or brothers or sisters or father or mother or wife or children or fields for my sake will receive a hundred times as much and will inherit eternal life. But many who are first will be last, and many who are last will be first.”

Theology & Economic Themes: Jesus teaches that following Him involves a total commitment, which may require the surrender of material wealth. The rich young ruler is instructed to sell all he has and give to the poor to inherit eternal life. This challenges the idea that wealth is inherently a sign of God’s blessing and suggests that attachment to riches can hinder spiritual growth.

5. The Parable of the Talents

Matthew 25:14-30

“For it will be like a man going on a journey, who called his servants and entrusted to them his property. To one he gave five talents, to another two, to another one, to each according to his ability. Then he went away. He who had received the five talents went at once and traded with them, and he made five talents more. So also, he who had the two talents made two talents more.
But he who had received the one talent went and dug in the ground and hid his master’s money.Now after a long time the master of those servants came and settled accounts with them.
And he who had received the five talents came forward, bringing five talents more, saying, ‘Master, you delivered to me five talents; here, I have made five talents more.’ His master said to him, ‘Well done, good and faithful servant. You have been faithful over a little; I will set you over much. Enter into the joy of your master.’ And he also who had the two talents came forward, saying, ‘Master, you delivered to me two talents; here, I have made two talents more.’
His master said to him, ‘Well done, good and faithful servant. You have been faithful over a little; I will set you over much. Enter into the joy of your master.’ He also who had received the one talent came forward, saying, ‘Master, I knew you to be a hard man, reaping where you did not sow and gathering where you scattered no seed. So I was afraid, and I went and hid your talent in the ground. Here, you have what is yours.’ But his master answered him, ‘You wicked and slothful servant! You knew that I reap where I have not sown and gather where I scattered no seed? Then you ought to have invested my money with the bankers, and at my coming I should have received what was my own with interest. So take the talent from him and give it to him who has the ten talents. For to everyone who has will more be given, and he will have an abundance, but from the one who has not, even what he has will be taken away. And cast the worthless servant into the outer darkness. In that place there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.’

Theology & Economic Themes: This parable teaches about faithfulness and stewardship. Those who wisely manage what God has entrusted to them are rewarded. The economic theme of investment is central: resources (talents) must be used productively for the benefit of others. Laziness or fear that leads to inaction is condemned. The parable suggests that God’s kingdom requires an active and responsible use of resources. Stewardship of resources. This parable illustrates the responsibility of managing wealth and talents wisely, as servants are held accountable for their stewardship.

6. Zacchaeus and Restitution

Luke 19:1-10

Jesus entered Jericho and was passing through. A man was there by the name of Zacchaeus; he was a chief tax collector and was wealthy. He wanted to see who Jesus was, but because he was short, he could not see over the crowd. So he ran ahead and climbed a sycamore-fig tree to see him, since Jesus was coming that way. When Jesus reached the spot, he looked up and said to him, “Zacchaeus, come down immediately. I must stay at your house today.” So he came down at once and welcomed him gladly. All the people saw this and began to mutter, “He has gone to be the guest of a sinner.” But Zacchaeus stood up and said to the Lord, “Look, Lord! Here and now I give half of my possessions to the poor, and if I have cheated anybody out of anything, I will pay back four times the amount.” Jesus said to him, “Today salvation has come to this house, because this man, too, is a son of Abraham. For the Son of Man came to seek and to save the lost.”

Theology & Economic Themes: Zacchaeus’ encounter with Jesus leads to a transformation of his heart, prompting repentance and restitution. Zacchaeus, a wealthy tax collector, pledges to give half of his possessions to the poor and repay those he has defrauded four times over. This demonstrates the economic implications of repentance and justice, particularly the need to restore relationships and redistribute wealth to the wronged.

7. The Early Church and Sharing Resources

Acts 2:44-45, Acts 4:32-37

Acts 2:44-45

All the believers were together and had everything in common. They sold property and possessions to give to anyone who had need.This passage reflects the early church’s commitment to community and mutual support, highlighting the importance of generosity and sharing among believers.

Theology & Economic Themes: The early church lived out a theology of radical community and mutual care, reflecting the kingdom of God’s values of unity and selflessness. Believers in the early church shared everything in common, selling possessions and distributing the proceeds to anyone in need. This model of communal living reflects an economic system based on generosity and care for the poor, contrasting with the competitive, individualistic nature of the surrounding culture. Community and generosity. Early Christians shared resources and supported each other’s needs, illustrating a model of communal living.

8. Ananias and Sapphira

Acts 5:1-11

Now a man named Ananias, together with his wife Sapphira, also sold a piece of property.
With his wife’s full knowledge, he kept back part of the money for himself, but brought the rest and put it at the apostles’ feet. Then Peter said, “Ananias, how is it that Satan has so filled your heart that you have lied to the Holy Spirit and have kept for yourself some of the money you received for the land? Didn’t it belong to you before it was sold? And after it was sold, wasn’t the money at your disposal? What made you think of doing such a thing? You have not lied just to human beings but to God.” When Ananias heard this, he fell down and died. And great fear seized all who heard what had happened. Then some young men came forward, wrapped up his body, and carried him out and buried him. About three hours later his wife came in, not knowing what had happened. Peter asked her, “Tell me, is this the price you and Ananias got for the land?” “Yes,” she said, “that is the price.” Peter said to her, “How could you conspire to test the Spirit of the Lord? Listen! The feet of the men who buried your husband are at the door, and they will carry you out also.” At that moment she fell down at his feet and died. Then the young men came in and, finding her dead, carried her out and buried her beside her husband. Great fear seized the whole church and all who heard about these events.

Theology & Economic Themes: This story illustrates the seriousness of deceit and hypocrisy in the Christian community, especially in relation to communal life. Ananias and Sapphira sell property but lie about the proceeds, keeping some for themselves while pretending to donate all of it. Their punishment highlights the importance of honesty and integrity, especially in the management of communal resources.

9. Paul’s Teaching on Contentment

1 Timothy 6:6-10, Philippians 4:11-13

1 Timothy 6:6-10

But godliness with contentment is great gain. For we brought nothing into the world, and we can take nothing out of it. But if we have food and clothing, we will be content with that. Those who want to get rich fall into temptation and a trap and into many foolish and harmful desires that plunge people into ruin and destruction. For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil. Some people, eager for money, have wandered from the faith and pierced themselves with many griefs.

Theology & Economic Themes: Paul teaches that true contentment comes from godliness and a relationship with Christ, not from wealth. Paul warns that the love of money is the root of all kinds of evil (1 Timothy 6:10). He encourages believers to seek contentment regardless of their economic situation, pointing to the dangers of greed and the pursuit of wealth at the cost of spiritual health. Warning against greed. This verse highlights that the desire for money can lead individuals away from their faith and into various troubles. The virtue of contentment. Paul teaches that true contentment comes from reliance on Christ rather than material circumstances.

10. Paul’s Collection for the Saints

2 Corinthians 8-9, Romans 15:25-28

Romans 15:25-28

Now, however, I am on my way to Jerusalem in the service of the Lord’s people there.
For Macedonia and Achaia were pleased to make a contribution for the poor among the Lord’s people in Jerusalem. They were pleased to do it, and indeed they owe it to them. For if the Gentiles have shared in the Jews’ spiritual blessings, they owe it to the Jews to share with them their material blessings. So after I have completed this task and have made sure that they have received this contribution, I will go to Spain and visit you on the way.

Theology & Economic Themes: Paul sees the act of giving as an expression of Christian love and unity within the body of Christ. Paul organizes a collection from Gentile churches to aid the poor in Jerusalem, framing this economic activity as a demonstration of solidarity and mutual support. He teaches that generosity flows from grace, urging believers to give cheerfully and sacrificially.

11. James on Wealth and Poverty

James 2:1-7, 5:1-6

James 2:1-7

My brothers and sisters, believers in our glorious Lord Jesus Christ must not show favoritism.
Suppose a man comes into your meeting wearing a gold ring and fine clothes, and a poor man in filthy old clothes also comes in. If you show special attention to the man wearing fine clothes and say, “Here’s a good seat for you,” but say to the poor man, “You stand there” or “Sit on the floor by my feet,” have you not discriminated among yourselves and become judges with evil thoughts? Listen, my dear brothers and sisters: Has not God chosen those who are poor in the eyes of the world to be rich in faith and to inherit the kingdom he promised those who love him?
But you have dishonored the poor. Is it not the rich who are exploiting you? Are they not the ones who are dragging you into court? Are they not the ones who are blaspheming the noble name of him to whom you belong?

James 5:1-6

Now listen, you rich people, weep and wail because of the misery that is coming on you. Your wealth has rotted, and moths have eaten your clothes. Your gold and silver are corroded. Their corrosion will testify against you and eat your flesh like fire. You have hoarded wealth in the last days. Look! The wages you failed to pay the workers who mowed your fields are crying out against you. The cries of the harvesters have reached the ears of the Lord Almighty.
You have lived on earth in luxury and self-indulgence. You have fattened yourselves in the day of slaughter. You have condemned and murdered the innocent one, who was not opposing you.

Theology & Economic Themes: James condemns favoritism toward the rich and oppression of the poor, reflecting God’s concern for justice and the dignity of all people. James criticizes wealthy landowners who exploit workers and warns them of the judgment they will face. He calls for economic justice and fair treatment of workers, denouncing systems that perpetuate inequality and greed.

12. The Widow’s Offering

Mark 12:41-44, Luke 21:1-4

Mark 12:41-44

Jesus sat down opposite the place where the offerings were put and watched the crowd putting their money into the temple treasury. Many rich people threw in large amounts.
But a poor widow came and put in two very small copper coins, worth only a few cents.
Calling his disciples to him, Jesus said, “Truly I tell you, this poor widow has put more into the treasury than all the others. They all gave out of their wealth, but she, out of her poverty, put in everything—all she had to live on.”

Luke 21:1-4

As Jesus looked up, he saw the rich putting their gifts into the temple treasury. He also saw a poor widow put in two very small copper coins. “Truly I tell you,” he said, “this poor widow has put more than all the others. All these people gave their gifts out of their wealth; but she, out of her poverty, put in all she had to live on.”

Theology & Economic Themes: Jesus commends the widow’s offering as greater than the large sums given by the rich, because she gave out of her poverty. This passage highlights the spiritual significance of sacrificial giving. The widow’s act shows that generosity is not measured by the amount but by the heart and the proportion of what one has. Jesus contrasts the widow’s faithfulness with the ostentatious giving of the rich, suggesting that true generosity comes from the heart, not wealth.

13. Render Unto Caesar

Matthew 22:15-22

Then the Pharisees went out and laid plans to trap him in his words. They sent their disciples to him along with the Herodians. “Teacher,” they said, “we know you are a man of integrity and that you teach the way of God in accordance with the truth. You aren’t swayed by others because you pay no attention to who they are. Tell us then, what is your opinion? Is it right to pay the imperial tax to Caesar or not?” But Jesus, knowing their evil intent, said, “You hypocrites, why are you trying to trap me? Show me the coin used for paying the tax.” They brought him a denarius, and he asked them, “Whose image is this? And whose inscription?” “Caesar’s,” they replied. Then he said to them, “So give back to Caesar what is Caesar’s, and to God what is God’s.” When they heard this, they were amazed. So they left him and went away.

Theology & Economic Themes: Jesus’ famous response to the question about paying taxes reveals His distinction between civic duty and spiritual allegiance to God. When asked whether it’s right to pay taxes to Caesar, Jesus responds, “Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s.” This statement suggests a balance between the responsibilities of citizens within an earthly economic system and their ultimate allegiance to God’s kingdom.

14. The Rich Man and Lazarus

Luke 16:19-31

There was a rich man who was dressed in purple and fine linen and lived in luxury every day. At his gate was laid a beggar named Lazarus, covered with sores, and longing to eat what fell from the rich man’s table. Even the dogs came and licked his sores. The time came when the beggar died and the angels carried him to Abraham’s side. The rich man also died and was buried.
In Hades, where he was in torment, he looked up and saw Abraham far away, with Lazarus by his side. So he called to him, “Father Abraham, have pity on me and send Lazarus to dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue, because I am in agony in this fire.” But Abraham replied, “Son, remember that in your lifetime you received your good things, while Lazarus received bad things, but now he is comforted here and you are in agony. And besides all this, between us and you a great chasm has been set in place, so that those who want to go from here to you cannot, nor can anyone cross over from there to us.” He answered, “Then I beg you, father, send Lazarus to my family, for I have five brothers. Let him warn them, so that they will not also come to this place of torment.” Abraham replied, “They have Moses and the Prophets; let them listen to them.” “‘No, father Abraham,’ he said, ‘but if someone from the dead goes to them, they will repent.’ He said to him, “If they do not listen to Moses and the Prophets, they will not be convinced even if someone rises from the dead.”

Theology & Economic Themes: This parable illustrates the consequences of neglecting the poor, emphasizing the eternal importance of justice and compassion. The rich man, who lived in luxury while ignoring the needs of Lazarus, faces judgment in the afterlife. The parable highlights the moral imperative to care for the poor and warns of the eternal consequences of wealth without compassion.

15. The Love of Neighbor and Economic Responsibility

Matthew 22:37-40, Luke 10:25-37

Matthew 22:37-40

Jesus replied: “Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind. This is the first and greatest commandment. And the second is like it: ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’ All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments.”

Luke 10:25-37

On one occasion, an expert in the law stood up to test Jesus. “Teacher,” he asked, “what must I do to inherit eternal life?” “What is written in the Law?” he replied. “How do you read it?”
He answered: “Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength and with all your mind, and ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’”
“You have answered correctly,” Jesus replied. “Do this and you will live.” But he wanted to justify himself, so he asked Jesus, “And who is my neighbor?” In reply, Jesus said: “A man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, when he was attacked by robbers. They stripped him of his clothes, beat him and went away, leaving him half dead. A priest happened to be going down the same road, and when he saw the man, he passed by on the other side. So too, a Levite, when he came to the place and saw him, passed by on the other side. But a Samaritan, as he traveled, came where the man was; and when he saw him, he took pity on him. He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. Then he put the man on his own donkey, brought him to an inn and took care of him. The next day he took out two denarii and gave them to the innkeeper. ‘Look after him,’ he said, ‘and when I return, I will reimburse you for any extra expense you may have.’ “Which of these three do you think was a neighbor to the man who fell into the hands of the robbers?” The expert in the law replied, “The one who had mercy on him.” Jesus told him, “Go and do likewise.”

Theology & Economic Themes: Jesus sums up the law in two commandments: love God and love your neighbor as yourself. Loving one’s neighbor has profound economic implications. The Parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37) emphasizes that love must be practical, involving the sharing of resources and the care of those in need, regardless of social or ethnic boundaries.

16. Paul’s Teaching on Work and Responsibility

2 Thessalonians 3:6-12

In the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, we command you, brothers and sisters, to keep away from every believer who is idle and disruptive and does not live according to the teaching you received from us. For you yourselves know how you ought to follow our example. We were not idle when we were with you, nor did we eat anyone’s food without paying for it. On the contrary, we worked night and day, laboring and toiling so that we would not be a burden to any of you.
We did this, not because we do not have the right to such help, but in order to offer ourselves as a model for you to imitate. For even when we were with you, we gave you this rule: “The one who is unwilling to work shall not eat.” We hear that some among you are idle and disruptive. They are not busy; they are busybodies. Such people we command and urge in the Lord Jesus Christ to settle down and earn the food they eat. And as for you, brothers and sisters, never tire of doing what is good.

Theology & Economic Themes: Paul teaches that Christians should not be idle but work responsibly as part of their witness and service to others. He warns against laziness, urging believers to earn their own living and contribute to the community’s needs. Those who are able to work but refuse to do so should not rely on the community for support.

17. Jesus’ Mission to the Poor

Luke 4:16-21

He went to Nazareth, where he had been brought up, and on the Sabbath day he went into the synagogue, as was his custom. He stood up to read, and the scroll of the prophet Isaiah was handed to him. Unrolling it, he found the place where it is written: “The Spirit of the Lord is on me, because he has anointed me to proclaim good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim freedom for the prisoners and recovery of sight for the blind, to set the oppressed free,
to proclaim the year of the Lord’s favor.” Then he rolled up the scroll, gave it back to the attendant and sat down. The eyes of everyone in the synagogue were fastened on him.
He began by saying to them, “Today this scripture is fulfilled in your hearing.”

Theology & Economic Themes: Jesus inaugurates His public ministry by reading from Isaiah, declaring that He has come to ‘proclaim good news to the poor.’ This proclamation reveals Jesus’ focus on the marginalized and oppressed, specifically highlighting economic poverty. His ministry involves not just spiritual salvation but also economic liberation for the poor, the oppressed, and those burdened by societal injustices.

18. The Parable of the Shrewd Manager

Luke 16:1-13

Jesus told his disciples: “There was a rich man whose manager was accused of wasting his possessions. So he called him in and asked him, ‘What is this I hear about you? Give an account of your management, because you cannot be manager any longer.’ The manager said to himself, ‘What shall I do now? My master is taking away my job. I’m not strong enough to dig, and I’m ashamed to beg. I know what I’ll do so that when I lose my job here, people will welcome me into their houses.’ So he called in each one of his master’s debtors. He asked the first, ‘How much do you owe my master?’ ‘Nine hundred gallons of olive oil,’ he replied. The manager told him, ‘Take your bill, sit down quickly, and make it four hundred and fifty.’ Then he asked the second, ‘And how much do you owe?’ ‘A thousand bushels of wheat,’ he replied. He told him, ‘Take your bill and make it eight hundred.’ The master commended the dishonest manager because he had acted shrewdly. For the people of this world are more shrewd in dealing with their own kind than are the people of the light. I tell you, use worldly wealth to gain friends for yourselves, so that when it is gone, you will be welcomed into eternal dwellings. Whoever can be trusted with very little can also be trusted with much, and whoever is dishonest with very little will also be dishonest with much. So if you have not been trustworthy in handling worldly wealth, who will trust you with true riches? And if you have not been trustworthy with someone else’s property, who will give you property of your own? No one can serve two masters. Either you will hate the one and love the other, or you will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve both God and money.”

Theology & Economic Themes: This parable is about wise stewardship and the use of material wealth in ways that prepare for eternal life. The shrewd manager uses his master’s resources to gain favor with debtors before he loses his job. While his actions might seem unethical, Jesus uses this to teach the importance of being wise with wealth—using it in ways that promote relationships and kingdom values rather than selfish accumulation.

19. Hospitality and Economic Sharing

Matthew 25:31-46

When the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the angels with him, he will sit on his glorious throne. All the nations will be gathered before him, and he will separate the people one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats. He will put the sheep on his right and the goats on his left. Then the King will say to those on his right, “Come, you who are blessed by my Father; take your inheritance, the kingdom prepared for you since the creation of the world.
For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you invited me in, I needed clothes and you clothed me, I was sick and you looked after me, I was in prison and you came to visit me.” Then the righteous will answer him, “Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed you, or thirsty and give you something to drink? When did we see you a stranger and invite you in, or needing clothes and clothe you?
When did we see you sick or in prison and go to visit you?” The King will reply, “Truly I tell you, whatever you did for one of the least of these brothers and sisters of mine, you did for me.” Then he will say to those on his left, “Depart from me, you who are cursed, into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels. For I was hungry and you gave me nothing to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me nothing to drink, I was a stranger and you did not invite me in, I needed clothes and you did not clothe me, I was sick and in prison and you did not look after me.” They also will answer, “Lord, when did we see you hungry or thirsty or a stranger or needing clothes or sick or in prison, and did not help you?” He will reply, “Truly I tell you, whatever you did not do for one of the least of these, you did not do for me.” Then they will go away to eternal punishment, but the righteous to eternal life.

Theology & Economic Themes: Jesus’ teaching about the final judgment (the separation of the sheep and the goats) emphasizes that serving ‘the least of these’ is a direct service to Him. This passage connects theology with economic actions such as feeding the hungry, giving drink to the thirsty, and welcoming strangers. The righteous are praised for their tangible acts of kindness, which are rooted in sharing resources and caring for the marginalized. Economic generosity becomes a marker of one’s participation in the kingdom of God.

20. Paul on Economic Equality

2 Corinthians 8:13-15

Our desire is not that others might be relieved while you are hard pressed, but that there might be equality. At the present time your plenty will supply what they need, so that in turn their plenty will supply what you need. The goal is equality, as it is written: “The one who gathered much did not have too much, and the one who gathered little did not have too little.”

Theology & Economic Themes: Paul advocates for equality among believers in the context of mutual care and support, rooted in God’s provision for His people. In his instructions to the Corinthian church about contributing to the collection for the Jerusalem saints, Paul emphasizes fairness. He refers to the principle from the Exodus story of manna, where ‘the one who gathered much did not have too much, and the one who gathered little did not have too little’ (Exodus 16:18). This suggests an economic vision where resources are shared equitably, ensuring that everyone’s basic needs are met.

21. Warnings Against Partiality

James 2:1-9

Theology & Economic Themes: James warns the church against showing favoritism based on outward appearances, reflecting God’s impartiality. In this specific context, James speaks out against honoring the rich over the poor in Christian assemblies. He calls out the economic bias that privileges wealthy individuals while marginalizing the poor, showing that favoritism based on wealth contradicts the values of God’s kingdom.

22. Paul’s Support for Generosity

1 Corinthians 16:1-4

Now about the collection for the Lord’s people: Do what I told the Galatian churches to do.
On the first day of every week, each one of you should set aside a sum of money in keeping with your income, so that when I come no collections will have to be made. Then, when I arrive, I will give letters of introduction to the men you approve and send them with your gift to Jerusalem. If it seems advisable for me to go also, they will accompany me.

Theology & Economic Themes: Generosity is presented as an act of worship, reflecting the believer’s commitment to the community and to God’s work. Paul encourages the Corinthian believers to set aside money each week for the collection for the Jerusalem church. This shows a practical model of planned, consistent giving, recognizing that economic resources are essential for supporting those in need and advancing the mission of the church.

23. Encouragement to Wealthy Believers

1 Timothy 6:17-19

Command those who are rich in this present world not to be arrogant nor to put their hope in wealth, which is so uncertain, but to put their hope in God, who richly provides us with everything for our enjoyment. Command them to do good, to be rich in good deeds, and to be generous and willing to share. In this way they will lay up treasure for themselves as a firm foundation for the coming age, so that they may take hold of the life that is truly life.

Theology & Economic Themes: Paul addresses wealthy believers, reminding them that their wealth is not inherently wrong but should be used to serve God’s purposes. The wealthy are urged not to be arrogant or put their hope in wealth, which is uncertain, but to be generous and willing to share. Paul frames wealth as a tool for doing good, thus investing in ‘true riches’ for the age to come. The focus here is on responsible use of wealth and the importance of using economic resources for the benefit of others. Proper attitude towards wealth. Wealthy individuals are reminded to remain humble, not to rely on their riches, and to engage in good works.

24. Paul’s Tentmaking Ministry

Acts 18:1-3, 1 Corinthians 9:12-18

Acts 18:1-3

After this, Paul left Athens and went to Corinth. There he met a Jew named Aquila, a native of Pontus, who had recently come from Italy with his wife Priscilla, because Claudius had ordered all Jews to leave Rome. Paul went to see them, and because he was a tentmaker as they were, he stayed and worked with them.

1 Corinthians 9:12-18

If others have this right of support from you, shouldn’t we have it all the more? But we did not use this right. On the contrary, we put up with anything rather than hinder the gospel of Christ.
Don’t you know that those who serve in the temple get their food from the temple, and that those who serve at the altar share in what is offered on the altar? In the same way, the Lord has commanded that those who preach the gospel should receive their living from the gospel.
But I have not used any of these rights. And I am not writing this in the hope that you will do such things for me, for I would rather die than allow anyone to deprive me of this boast.
For when I preach the gospel, I cannot boast, since I am compelled to preach. Woe to me if I do not preach the gospel! If I preach voluntarily, I have a reward; if not voluntarily, I am simply discharging the trust committed to me. What then is my reward? Just this: that in preaching the gospel I may offer it free of charge, and so not make full use of my rights as a preacher of the gospel.

Theology & Economic Themes: Paul, as a tentmaker, exemplifies the value of work as a means of supporting ministry without burdening others. Paul occasionally supported himself financially through his trade to avoid being a burden on the churches he served. This demonstrates a model of economic independence in ministry, while also affirming the value of work and the importance of being able to provide for one’s own needs when necessary.

25. The Principle of Sowing and Reaping

Galatians 6:7-10

Do not be deceived: God cannot be mocked. A man reaps what he sows. Whoever sows to please their flesh, from the flesh will reap destruction; whoever sows to please the Spirit, from the Spirit will reap eternal life. Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Therefore, as we have opportunity, let us do good to all people, especially to those who belong to the family of believers.

Theology & Economic Themes: Paul applies the principle of sowing and reaping to both spiritual and practical life, emphasizing personal responsibility. This principle also applies to economic generosity. Those who sow to the Spirit—investing in spiritual and moral good—will reap eternal life. Conversely, selfishness and greed will lead to ruin. In economic terms, Paul encourages believers to do good, especially by helping those in need, knowing that their generosity will have lasting rewards.

26. The Good News for the Poor

Luke 7:18-23

John’s disciples told him about all these things. Calling two of them, he sent them to the Lord to ask, “Are you the one who is to come, or should we expect someone else?”
When the men came to Jesus, they said, “John the Baptist sent us to you to ask, ‘Are you the one who is to come, or should we expect someone else?’” At that very time Jesus cured many who had diseases, sicknesses, and evil spirits, and gave sight to many who were blind.
So he replied to the messengers, “Go back and report to John what you have seen and heard: The blind receive sight, the lame walk, those who have leprosy are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, and the good news is proclaimed to the poor. Blessed is anyone who does not stumble on account of me.”

Theology & Economic Themes: When John the Baptist’s disciples ask if Jesus is the Messiah, Jesus responds by pointing to the signs of the kingdom, including the good news being preached to the poor. Jesus’ ministry is marked by a special concern for the economically disadvantaged. The fact that ‘the poor have the good news preached to them’ highlights that the gospel includes not only spiritual salvation but also the lifting of those in economic poverty and oppression.

27. Philemon and Christian Economic Relationships

Philemon 1

Paul, a prisoner of Christ Jesus, and Timothy our brother, To Philemon our dear friend and co-worker, to Apphia our sister, to Archippus our fellow soldier, and to the church that meets in your home: Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. I always thank my God as I remember you in my prayers, because I hear about your love for all his holy people and your faith in the Lord Jesus. I pray that your partnership with us in the faith may be effective in deepening your understanding of every good thing we share for the sake of Christ. Your love has given me great joy and encouragement, because you, brother, have refreshed the hearts of the Lord’s people. Therefore, although in Christ I could be bold and order you to do what you ought to do, yet I prefer to appeal to you on the basis of love. It is as none other than Paul—an old man and now also a prisoner of Christ Jesus— that I appeal to you for my son Onesimus, who became my son while I was in chains. Formerly he was useless to you, but now he has become useful both to you and to me. I am sending him—who is my very heart—back to you. I would have liked to keep him with me so that he could take your place in helping me while I am in chains for the gospel. But I did not want to do anything without your consent, so that any favor you do will be spontaneous and not forced. Perhaps the reason he was separated from you for a little while was that you might have him back forever—no longer as a slave, but better than a slave, as a dear brother. He is very dear to me but even dearer to you, both as a fellow man and as a brother in the Lord. So if you consider me a partner, welcome him as you would welcome me. If he has done you any wrong or owes you anything, charge it to me. I, Paul, am writing this with my own hand. I will pay it back—not to mention that you owe me your very self. I do wish, brother, that I may have some benefit from you in the Lord; refresh my heart in Christ. Confident of your obedience, I write to you, knowing that you will do even more than I ask. And one thing more: Prepare a guest room for me, because I hope to be restored to you in answer to your prayers. Epaphras, my fellow prisoner in Christ Jesus, sends you greetings. And so do Mark, Aristarchus, Demas, and Luke, my fellow workers. The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit.

Theology & Economic Themes: Paul’s letter to Philemon demonstrates the transformation of personal and economic relationships through Christ. The letter concerns Onesimus, a runaway slave who has become a Christian. Paul urges Philemon to receive Onesimus back not as a slave but as a brother in Christ. While Paul does not directly condemn slavery, his appeal challenges the economic and social norms of the time, promoting a new kind of economic relationship based on equality in Christ.

28. The Love of Money

Hebrews 13:5

Keep your lives free from the love of money and be content with what you have, because God has said, “Never will I leave you; never will I forsake you.”

Theology & Economic Themes: The author of Hebrews warns against the love of money, urging believers to trust in God’s provision. This passage emphasizes contentment with what one has and warns against the dangers of greed. Trust in God, rather than in material wealth, is portrayed as the proper foundation for a Christian’s economic life. The call to ‘keep your lives free from the love of money’ reflects the New Testament’s consistent warning about the spiritual dangers of wealth.

29. The Deacons and Economic Administration

Acts 6:1-7

In those days when the number of disciples was increasing, the Hellenistic Jews among them complained against the Hebraic Jews because their widows were being overlooked in the daily distribution of food. So the Twelve gathered all the disciples together and said, “It would not be right for us to neglect the ministry of the word of God in order to wait on tables.
Brothers and sisters, choose seven men from among you who are known to be full of the Spirit and wisdom. We will turn this responsibility over to them and will give our attention to prayer and the ministry of the word.” This proposal pleased the whole group. They chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Spirit; also Philip, Procorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, and Nicholas from Antioch, a convert to Judaism. They presented these men to the apostles, who prayed and laid their hands on them. So the word of God spread. The number of disciples in Jerusalem increased rapidly, and a large number of priests became obedient to the faith.

Theology & Economic Themes: The appointment of deacons in the early church demonstrates the importance of serving the physical and material needs of the community as part of spiritual leadership. The early church faced challenges in distributing food fairly among widows, especially between Hellenistic and Hebrew believers. The appointment of deacons (e.g., Stephen and Philip) to manage these resources highlights the importance of good economic stewardship and fair distribution of goods within the community of faith.

30. The Laborer Deserves Wages

1 Timothy 5:18, Luke 10:7

1 Timothy 5:18

For Scripture says, ‘Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain,’ and ‘The worker deserves his wages.’

Luke 10:7

Stay there, eating and drinking whatever they give you, for the worker deserves his wages. Do not move around from house to house.

Theology & Economic Themes: Jesus and Paul affirm that those who work, especially in ministry, should receive compensation for their labor. This principle emphasizes fairness in economic relationships, ensuring that workers are paid what they deserve. In both spiritual and secular work, fair compensation is seen as a reflection of justice and care for the dignity of labor. Recognition of workers’ rights. Jesus acknowledges that workers deserve fair compensation for their labor.

31. The Danger of Wealth

Matthew 19:23-24

‘Jesus said to his disciples, ‘Truly I tell you, it is hard for someone who is rich to enter the kingdom of heaven. Again I tell you, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for someone who is rich to enter the kingdom of God.’’

Theology & Economic Themes: The spiritual dangers of wealth. This verse warns that wealth can create barriers to spiritual fulfillment and entrance into God’s kingdom.

32. Generosity and Giving

Luke 6:38

‘Give, and it will be given to you. A good measure, pressed down, shaken together and running over, will be poured into your lap. For with the measure you use, it will be measured to you.’

Theology & Economic Themes: The principle of generosity. This passage encourages a culture of giving, suggesting that generosity leads to abundance in return.

33. Seeking God’s Kingdom

Matthew 6:19-21

‘Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moths and vermin destroy, and where thieves break in and steal. But store up for yourselves treasures in heaven... For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also.’

Theology & Economic Themes: Prioritizing eternal wealth over earthly riches. This teaches that true value lies in spiritual treasures rather than material possessions.

34. Trust in God’s Provision

Matthew 6:25-26

‘Therefore I tell you, do not worry about your life, what you will eat or drink; or about your body, what you will wear. Is not life more than food, and the body more than clothes? Look at the birds of the air; they do not sow or reap or store away in barns, and yet your heavenly Father feeds them.’

Theology & Economic Themes: God’s provision for needs. This passage emphasizes trust in God for daily provisions rather than anxiety over material needs.

35. Helping the Poor

Luke 14:12-14

‘Then Jesus said to his host: ‘When you give a luncheon or dinner, do not invite your friends, your brothers or your relatives, or your rich neighbors; if you do, they may invite you back and so you will be repaid. But when you give a banquet, invite the poor, the crippled, the lame, the blind, and you will be blessed.’’

Theology & Economic Themes: Generosity towards the marginalized. This teaching encourages caring for the needy, emphasizing that true generosity does not seek repayment.

36. The Rich Young Ruler

Mark 10:21-22

‘Jesus looked at him and loved him. ‘One thing you lack,’ he said. ‘Go, sell everything you have and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. Then come, follow me.’ At this the man’s face fell. He went away sad, because he had great wealth.’

Theology & Economic Themes: Sacrifice for discipleship. Jesus challenges the rich young ruler to prioritize following Him over his wealth, highlighting the difficulty of surrendering material possessions.

37. Justice for the Poor

James 2:1-4

‘My brothers and sisters, believers in our glorious Lord Jesus Christ must not show favoritism. Suppose someone comes into your meeting wearing a gold ring and fine clothes, and a poor person in shabby clothes also comes in. If you show special attention to the one wearing fine clothes and say, ‘Here’s a good seat for you,’ but say to the poor person, ‘You stand there’ or ‘Sit on the floor by my feet,’ have you not discriminated among yourselves?’

Theology & Economic Themes: Equality and justice. James condemns favoritism based on wealth, calling for fairness and equal treatment in the community.

38. Economic Practices and Integrity

Romans 12:11

‘Never be lacking in zeal, but keep your spiritual fervor, serving the Lord. Be joyful in hope, patient in affliction, faithful in prayer. Share with the Lord’s people who are in need. Practice hospitality.’

Theology & Economic Themes: Encouragement to serve and support those in need. This verse emphasizes the importance of community support and hospitality.

39. The Value of Sacrifice

2 Corinthians 8:1-5

‘And now, brothers and sisters, we want you to know about the grace that God has given the Macedonian churches. In the midst of a very severe trial, their overflowing joy and their extreme poverty welled up in rich generosity... They gave as much as they were able, and even beyond their ability.’

Theology & Economic Themes: Generosity in the face of poverty. This passage highlights how true generosity can come even from those who are economically disadvantaged.

40. The Good Samaritan

Luke 10:33-35

‘But a Samaritan, as he traveled, came where the man was; and when he saw him, he took pity on him. He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. Then he put the man on his own donkey, brought him to an inn and took care of him. The next day he took out two denarii and gave them to the innkeeper.’

Theology & Economic Themes: Responsibility for others’ welfare. The Good Samaritan demonstrates compassion and financial support for those in need, emphasizing moral obligation in economic matters.

41. God’s Ownership of Wealth

Matthew 6:24

‘No one can serve two masters. Either you will hate the one and love the other, or you will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve both God and money.’

Theology & Economic Themes: The impossibility of divided loyalty. This verse illustrates the conflict between devotion to God and the pursuit of wealth.

42. Seeking First God’s Kingdom

Matthew 6:33

‘But seek first his kingdom and his righteousness, and all these things will be given to you as well.’

Theology & Economic Themes: Prioritizing spiritual over material pursuits. Trusting in God leads to provision for material needs when one focuses on God’s kingdom.

43. Accountability in Wealth

Luke 12:42-44

‘The Lord answered, ‘Who then is the faithful and wise manager, whom the master puts in charge of his servants to give them their food allowance at the proper time? It will be good for that servant whom the master finds doing so when he returns.’’

Theology & Economic Themes: Accountability in stewardship. Jesus emphasizes the importance of responsible management of resources entrusted to individuals.

44. Spiritual Wealth

Revelation 3:17-18

‘You say, ‘I am rich; I have acquired wealth and do not need a thing.’ But you do not realize that you are wretched, pitiful, poor, blind and naked. I counsel you to buy from me gold refined in the fire, so you can become rich; and white clothes to wear, so you can cover your shameful nakedness; and salve to put on your eyes, so you can see.’

Theology & Economic Themes: True richness in spiritual terms. This passage critiques those who rely on material wealth while being spiritually impoverished, urging them to seek true riches.

The verses in the New Testament present a profound theological perspective on economics, emphasizing stewardship, generosity, justice, and the prioritization of spiritual wealth over material gain. Believers are encouraged to engage in ethical economic practices and care for the less fortunate as an expression of their faith. This integration of theology and economics urges followers of Christ to embody principles of justice, generosity, and responsible resource management. The teachings of the early church on wealth, poverty, and the responsible use of resources remain highly relevant in contemporary discussions of economics and ethics, addressing themes such as wealth, poverty, stewardship, and justice throughout various passages.

Page updated

Google Sites

Report abuse